Forge Home

Modules

Puppet

Resources

PuppetEcosystemPuppet CommunityUpdates

mysql

Installs, configures, and manages the MySQL service.
Project URLRSS FeedReport issues

7,271,996 downloads

6,008 latest version

4.7 quality score

We run a couple of automated
scans to help you access a
module's quality. Each module is
given a score based on how well
the author has formatted their
code and documentation and
modules are also checked for
malware using VirusTotal.

Please note, the information below
is for guidance only and neither of
these methods should be considered
an endorsement by Puppet.

Version information

  • 16.0.0 (latest)
  • 15.0.0
  • 14.0.0
  • 13.3.0
  • 13.2.0
  • 13.1.0
  • 13.0.1
  • 13.0.0
  • 12.0.3
  • 12.0.2
  • 12.0.1
  • 12.0.0
  • 11.1.0
  • 11.0.3
  • 11.0.2
  • 11.0.1
  • 11.0.0
  • 10.10.0
  • 10.9.1
  • 10.9.0
  • 10.8.0
  • 10.7.1
  • 10.7.0
  • 10.6.0
  • 10.5.0
  • 10.4.0
  • 10.3.0
  • 10.2.1
  • 10.2.0
  • 10.1.0
  • 10.0.0
  • 9.1.0
  • 9.0.0
  • 8.1.0
  • 8.0.1
  • 8.0.0
  • 7.0.0
  • 6.2.0
  • 6.1.0
  • 6.0.0
  • 5.4.0
  • 5.3.0
  • 5.2.1
  • 5.2.0
  • 5.1.0
  • 5.0.0
  • 4.0.1
  • 4.0.0
  • 3.11.0
  • 3.10.0
  • 3.9.0
  • 3.8.0
  • 3.7.0
  • 3.6.2
  • 3.6.1
  • 3.6.0
  • 3.5.0
  • 3.4.0
  • 3.3.0
  • 3.2.0
  • 3.1.0
  • 3.0.0
  • 2.3.1
  • 2.3.0
  • 2.2.3
  • 2.2.2
  • 2.2.1
  • 2.2.0 (deleted)
  • 2.1.0
  • 2.0.1
  • 2.0.0
  • 2.0.0-rc5 (pre-release)
  • 2.0.0-rc4 (pre-release)
  • 2.0.0-rc3 (pre-release)
  • 2.0.0-rc2 (pre-release)
  • 2.0.0-rc1 (pre-release)
  • 1.0.0
  • 0.9.0
  • 0.8.1
  • 0.8.0
  • 0.7.1
  • 0.7.0
  • 0.6.1
  • 0.6.0
  • 0.5.0
  • 0.4.0
  • 0.3.0
  • 0.2.0
  • 0.0.1
released Jul 11th 2024
Passed malware scan
This version is compatible with:
  • Puppet Enterprise 2023.8.x, 2023.7.x, 2023.6.x, 2023.5.x, 2023.4.x, 2023.3.x, 2023.2.x, 2023.1.x, 2023.0.x, 2021.7.x, 2021.6.x, 2021.5.x, 2021.4.x, 2021.3.x, 2021.2.x, 2021.1.x, 2021.0.x
  • Puppet >= 7.0.0 < 9.0.0
  • , , , , , , , ,
Tasks:
  • export
  • sql

Start using this module

  • r10k or Code Manager
  • Bolt
  • Manual installation
  • Direct download

Add this module to your Puppetfile:

mod 'puppetlabs-mysql', '16.0.0'
Learn more about managing modules with a Puppetfile

Add this module to your Bolt project:

bolt module add puppetlabs-mysql
Learn more about using this module with an existing project

Manually install this module globally with Puppet module tool:

puppet module install puppetlabs-mysql --version 16.0.0

Direct download is not typically how you would use a Puppet module to manage your infrastructure, but you may want to download the module in order to inspect the code.

Download
Tags: debian, ubuntu, mysql, database, rhel, percona, mariadb, centos, providers, mysql-grant, mysql-user, mysql-database

Documentation

puppetlabs/mysql — version 16.0.0 Jul 11th 2024

mysql

Table of Contents

  1. Module Description - What the module does and why it is useful
  2. Setup - The basics of getting started with mysql
  3. Usage - Configuration options and additional functionality
  4. Reference - An under-the-hood peek at what the module is doing and how
  5. Limitations - OS compatibility, etc.
  6. License
  7. Development - Guide for contributing to the module

Module Description

The mysql module installs, configures, and manages the MySQL service.

This module manages both the installation and configuration of MySQL, as well as extending Puppet to allow management of MySQL resources, such as databases, users, and grants.

Setup

Beginning with mysql

To install a server with the default options:

include mysql::server.

To customize options, such as the root password or /etc/my.cnf settings, you must also pass in an override hash:

class { 'mysql::server':
  root_password           => 'strongpassword',
  remove_default_accounts => true,
  restart                 => true,
  override_options        => $override_options,
}

Nota bene: Configuration changes will only be applied to the running MySQL server if you pass true as restart to mysql::server.

See Customize Server Options below for examples of the hash structure for $override_options.

Usage

All interaction for the server is done via mysql::server. To install the client, use mysql::client. To install bindings, use mysql::bindings.

Customize server options

To define server options, structure a hash structure of overrides in mysql::server. This hash resembles a hash in the my.cnf file:

$override_options = {
  'section' => {
    'item' => 'thing',
  },
}

For options that you would traditionally represent in this format:

[section]
thing = X

Entries can be created as thing => true, thing => value, or thing => "" in the hash. Alternatively, you can pass an array as thing => ['value', 'value2'] or list each thing => value separately on individual lines.

You can pass a variable in the hash without setting a value for it; the variable would then use MySQL's default settings. To exclude an option from the my.cnf file --- for example, when using override_options to revert to a default value --- pass thing => undef.

If an option needs multiple instances, pass an array. For example,

$override_options = {
  'mysqld' => {
    'replicate-do-db' => ['base1', 'base2'],
  },
}

produces

[mysqld]
replicate-do-db = base1
replicate-do-db = base2

To implement version specific parameters, specify the version, such as [mysqld-5.5]. This allows one config for different versions of MySQL.

If you don’t want to use the default configuration, you can also supply your options to the $options parameter instead of $override_options. Please note that $options and $override_options are mutually exclusive, you can only use one of them.

By default, the puppet won't reload/restart mysqld when you change an existing configuration. If you want to do that, you can set mysql::server::reload_on_config_change to true.

Create a database

To create a database with a user and some assigned privileges:

mysql::db { 'mydb':
  user     => 'myuser',
  password => 'mypass',
  host     => 'localhost',
  grant    => ['SELECT', 'UPDATE'],
}

To use a different resource name with exported resources:

 @@mysql::db { "mydb_${fqdn}":
  user     => 'myuser',
  password => 'mypass',
  dbname   => 'mydb',
  host     => ${fqdn},
  grant    => ['SELECT', 'UPDATE'],
  tag      => $domain,
}

Then you can collect it on the remote DB server:

Mysql::Db <<| tag == $domain |>>

If you set the sql parameter to a file when creating a database, the file is imported into the new database.

For large sql files, increase the import_timeout parameter, which defaults to 300 seconds.

If you have installed the mysql client in a non standard bin/sbin path you can set this with mysql_exec_path .

mysql::db { 'mydb':
  user            => 'myuser',
  password        => 'mypass',
  host            => 'localhost',
  grant           => ['SELECT', 'UPDATE'],
  sql             => ['/path/to/sqlfile.gz'],
  import_cat_cmd  => 'zcat',
  import_timeout  => 900,
  mysql_exec_path => '/opt/rh/rh-myql57/root/bin',
}

Customize configuration

To add custom MySQL configuration, place additional files into includedir. This allows you to override settings or add additional ones, which is helpful if you don't use override_options in mysql::server. The includedir location is by default set to /etc/mysql/conf.d.

Managing Root Passwords

If you want the password managed by puppet for 127.0.0.1 and ::1 as an end user you would need to explicitly manage them with additional manifest entries. For example:

mysql_user { '[root@127.0.0.1]':
  ensure        => present,
  password_hash => mysql::password($mysql::server::root_password),
}

mysql_user { 'root@::1':
  ensure        => present,
  password_hash => mysql::password($mysql::server::root_password),
}

Note: This module is not designed to carry out additional DNS and aliasing.

Work with an existing server

To instantiate databases and users on an existing MySQL server, you need a .my.cnf file in root's home directory. This file must specify the remote server address and credentials. For example:

[client]
user=root
host=localhost
password=secret

This module uses the mysqld_version fact to discover the server version being used. By default, this is set to the output of mysqld -V. If you're working with a remote MySQL server, you may need to set a custom fact for mysqld_version to ensure correct behaviour.

When working with a remote server, do not use the mysql::server class in your Puppet manifests.

Specify passwords

In addition to passing passwords as plain text, you can input them as hashes. For example:

mysql::db { 'mydb':
  user     => 'myuser',
  password => '*6C8989366EAF75BB670AD8EA7A7FC1176A95CEF4',
  host     => 'localhost',
  grant    => ['SELECT', 'UPDATE'],
}

If required, the password can also be an empty string to allow connections without an password.

Create login paths

This feature works only for the MySQL Community Edition >= 5.6.6.

A login path is a set of options (host, user, password, port and socket) that specify which MySQL server to connect to and which account to authenticate as. The authentication credentials and the other options are stored in an encrypted login file named .mylogin.cnf typically under the users home directory.

More information about MySQL login paths: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysql-config-editor.html.

Some example for login paths:

mysql_login_path { 'client':
  owner    => root,
  host     => 'localhost',
  user     => 'root',
  password => Sensitive('secure'),
  socket   => '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock',
  ensure   => present,
}

mysql_login_path { 'remote_db':
  owner    => root,
  host     => '10.0.0.1',
  user     => 'network',
  password => Sensitive('secure'),
  port     => 3306,
  ensure   => present,
}

See examples/mysql_login_path.pp for further examples.

Install Percona server on CentOS

This example shows how to do a minimal installation of a Percona server on a CentOS system. This sets up the Percona server, client, and bindings (including Perl and Python bindings). You can customize this usage and update the version as needed.

This usage has been tested on Puppet 4.4, 5.5 and 6.3.0 / CentOS 7 / Percona Server 5.7.

Note: The installation of the yum repository is not part of this package and is here only to show a full example of how you can install.

yumrepo { 'percona':
  descr    => 'CentOS $releasever - Percona',
  baseurl  => 'http://repo.percona.com/percona/yum/release/$releasever/RPMS/$basearch',
  gpgkey   => 'https://repo.percona.com/yum/PERCONA-PACKAGING-KEY',
  enabled  => 1,
  gpgcheck => 1,
}

class { 'mysql::server':
  package_name     => 'Percona-Server-server-57',
  service_name     => 'mysql',
  config_file      => '/etc/my.cnf',
  includedir       => '/etc/my.cnf.d',
  root_password    => 'PutYourOwnPwdHere',
  override_options => {
    mysqld => {
      log-error => '/var/log/mysqld.log',
      pid-file  => '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid',
    },
    mysqld_safe => {
      log-error => '/var/log/mysqld.log',
    },
  },
}

# Note: Installing Percona-Server-server-57 also installs Percona-Server-client-57.
# This shows how to install the Percona MySQL client on its own
class { 'mysql::client':
  package_name => 'Percona-Server-client-57',
}

# These packages are normally installed along with Percona-Server-server-57
# If you needed to install the bindings, however, you could do so with this code
class { 'mysql::bindings':
  client_dev_package_name => 'Percona-Server-shared-57',
  client_dev              => true,
  daemon_dev_package_name => 'Percona-Server-devel-57',
  daemon_dev              => true,
  perl_enable             => true,
  perl_package_name       => 'perl-DBD-MySQL',
  python_enable           => true,
  python_package_name     => 'MySQL-python',
}

# Dependencies definition
Yumrepo['percona']->
Class['mysql::server']

Yumrepo['percona']->
Class['mysql::client']

Yumrepo['percona']->
Class['mysql::bindings']

Install MariaDB on Ubuntu

Optional: Install the MariaDB official repo

In this example, we'll use the latest stable (currently 10.3) from the official MariaDB repository, not the one from the distro repository. You could instead use the package from the Ubuntu repository. Make sure you use the repository corresponding to the version you want.

Note: sfo1.mirrors.digitalocean.com is one of many mirrors available. You can use any official mirror.

include apt

apt::source { 'mariadb':
  location => 'http://sfo1.mirrors.digitalocean.com/mariadb/repo/10.3/ubuntu',
  release  => $::facts['os']['codename'],
  repos    => 'main',
  key      => {
    id     => '177F4010FE56CA3336300305F1656F24C74CD1D8',
    server => 'hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80',
  },
  include => {
    src   => false,
    deb   => true,
  },
}

Install the MariaDB server

This example shows MariaDB server installation on Ubuntu Xenial. Adjust the version and the parameters of my.cnf as needed. All parameters of the my.cnf can be defined using the override_options parameter.

The folders /var/log/mysql and /var/run/mysqld are created automatically, but if you are using other custom folders, they should exist as prerequisites for this code.

All the values set here are an example of a working minimal configuration.

Specify the version of the package you want with the package_ensure parameter.

class { 'mysql::server':
  package_name     => 'mariadb-server',
  package_ensure   => '1:10.3.21+maria~xenial',
  service_name     => 'mysqld',
  root_password    => 'AVeryStrongPasswordUShouldEncrypt!',
  override_options => {
    mysqld => {
      'log-error' => '/var/log/mysql/mariadb.log',
      'pid-file'  => '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid',
    },
    mysqld_safe => {
      'log-error' => '/var/log/mysql/mariadb.log',
    },
  },
}

# Dependency management. Only use that part if you are installing the repository
# as shown in the Preliminary step of this example.
Apt::Source['mariadb'] ~>
Class['apt::update'] ->
Class['mysql::server']

Install the MariaDB client

This example shows how to install the MariaDB client and all of the bindings at once. You can do this installation separately from the server installation.

Specify the version of the package you want with the package_ensure parameter.

class { 'mysql::client':
  package_name    => 'mariadb-client',
  package_ensure  => '1:10.3.21+maria~xenial',
  bindings_enable => true,
}

# Dependency management. Only use that part if you are installing the repository as shown in the Preliminary step of this example.
Apt::Source['mariadb'] ~>
Class['apt::update'] ->
Class['mysql::client']

Install MySQL Community server on CentOS

You can install MySQL Community Server on CentOS using the mysql module and Hiera. This example was tested with the following versions:

  • MySQL Community Server 5.6
  • Centos 7.3
  • Puppet 3.8.7 using Hiera
  • puppetlabs-mysql module v3.9.0

In Puppet:

include mysql::server

create_resources(yumrepo, hiera('yumrepo', {}))

Yumrepo['repo.mysql.com'] -> Anchor['mysql::server::start']
Yumrepo['repo.mysql.com'] -> Package['mysql_client']

create_resources(mysql::db, hiera('mysql::server::db', {}))

In Hiera:

---

# Centos 7.3
yumrepo:
  'repo.mysql.com':
    baseurl: "http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.6-community/el/%{::operatingsystemmajrelease}/$basearch/"
    descr: 'repo.mysql.com'
    enabled: 1
    gpgcheck: true
    gpgkey: 'http://repo.mysql.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql'

mysql::client::package_name: "mysql-community-client" # required for proper MySQL installation
mysql::server::package_name: "mysql-community-server" # required for proper MySQL installation
mysql::server::package_ensure: 'installed' # do not specify version here, unfortunately yum fails with error that package is already installed
mysql::server::root_password: "change_me_i_am_insecure"
mysql::server::manage_config_file: true
mysql::server::service_name: 'mysqld' # required for puppet module
mysql::server::override_options:
  'mysqld':
    'bind-address': '127.0.0.1'
    'log-error': '/var/log/mysqld.log' # required for proper MySQL installation
  'mysqld_safe':
    'log-error': '/var/log/mysqld.log'  # required for proper MySQL installation

# create database + account with access, passwords are not encrypted
mysql::server::db:
  "dev":
    user: "dev"
    password: "devpass"
    host: "127.0.0.1"
    grant:
      - "ALL"

Install Plugins

Plugins can be installed by using the mysql_plugin defined type. See examples/mysql_plugin.pp for futher examples.

Use Percona XtraBackup

This example shows how to configure MySQL backups with Percona XtraBackup. This sets up a weekly cronjob to perform a full backup and additional daily cronjobs for incremental backups. Each backup will create a new directory. A cleanup job will automatically remove backups that are older than 15 days.

yumrepo { 'percona':
  descr    => 'CentOS $releasever - Percona',
  baseurl  => 'http://repo.percona.com/release/$releasever/RPMS/$basearch',
  gpgkey   => 'https://www.percona.com/downloads/RPM-GPG-KEY-percona https://repo.percona.com/yum/PERCONA-PACKAGING-KEY',
  enabled  => 1,
  gpgcheck => 1,
}

class { 'mysql::server::backup':
  backupuser        => 'myuser',
  backuppassword    => 'mypassword',
  backupdir         => '/tmp/backups',
  provider          => 'xtrabackup',
  backuprotate      => 15,
  execpath          => '/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin',
  time              => ['23', '15'],
}

If the daily or weekly backup was successful, then the empty file /tmp/mysqlbackup_success is created, which makes it easy to monitor the status of the database backup.

After two weeks the backup directory should look similar to the example below.

/tmp/backups/2019-11-10_full
/tmp/backups/2019-11-11_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-13_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-13_23-15-02
/tmp/backups/2019-11-14_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-15_23-15-02
/tmp/backups/2019-11-16_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-17_full
/tmp/backups/2019-11-18_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-19_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-20_23-15-02
/tmp/backups/2019-11-21_23-15-01
/tmp/backups/2019-11-22_23-15-02
/tmp/backups/2019-11-23_23-15-01

A drawback of using incremental backups is the need to keep at least 7 days of backups, otherwise the full backups is removed early and consecutive incremental backups will fail. Furthermore an incremental backups becomes obsolete once the required full backup was removed.

The next example uses XtraBackup with incremental backups disabled. In this case the daily cronjob will always perform a full backup.

class { 'mysql::server::backup':
  backupuser          => 'myuser',
  backuppassword      => 'mypassword',
  backupdir           => '/tmp/backups',
  provider            => 'xtrabackup',
  incremental_backups => false,
  backuprotate        => 5,
  execpath            => '/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin',
  time                => ['23', '15'],
}

The next example shows how to use mariabackup (a fork of xtrabackup) as a backup provider. Note that on most Linux/BSD distributions, this will require setting backupmethod_package => 'mariadb-backup' in the mysql::server::backup declaration in order to override the default xtrabackup package (percona-xtrabackup).

class { 'mysql::server':
  package_name            => 'mariadb-server',
  package_ensure          => '1:10.3.21+maria~xenial',
  service_name            => 'mysqld',
  root_password           => 'AVeryStrongPasswordUShouldEncrypt!',
}

class { 'mysql::server::backup':
  backupuser              => 'mariabackup',
  backuppassword          => 'AVeryStrongPasswordUShouldEncrypt!',
  provider                => 'xtrabackup',
  backupmethod            => 'mariabackup',
  backupmethod_package    => 'mariadb-backup',
  backupdir               => '/tmp/backups',
  backuprotate            => 15,
  execpath                => '/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin',
  time                    => ['23', '15'],
}

Reference

Classes

Public classes

Private classes

  • mysql::server::install: Installs packages.
  • mysql::server::installdb: Implements setup of mysqld data directory (e.g. /var/lib/mysql)
  • mysql::server::config: Configures MYSQL.
  • mysql::server::service: Manages service.
  • mysql::server::account_security: Deletes default MySQL accounts.
  • mysql::server::root_password: Sets MySQL root password.
  • mysql::server::providers: Creates users, grants, and databases.
  • mysql::bindings::client_dev: Installs MySQL client development package.
  • mysql::bindings::daemon_dev: Installs MySQL daemon development package.
  • mysql::bindings::java: Installs Java bindings.
  • mysql::bindings::perl: Installs Perl bindings.
  • mysql::bindings::php: Installs PHP bindings.
  • mysql::bindings::python: Installs Python bindings.
  • mysql::bindings::ruby: Installs Ruby bindings.
  • mysql::client::install: Installs MySQL client.
  • mysql::backup::mysqldump: Implements mysqldump backups.
  • mysql::backup::mysqlbackup: Implements backups with Oracle MySQL Enterprise Backup.
  • mysql::backup::xtrabackup: Implements backups with XtraBackup from Percona or Mariabackup.

Parameters

mysql::server

create_root_user

Whether root user should be created.

Valid values are true, false.

Defaults to true.

This is useful for a cluster setup with Galera. The root user has to be created only once. You can set this parameter true on one node and set it to false on the remaining nodes.

create_root_my_cnf

Whether to create /root/.my.cnf.

Valid values are true, false.

Defaults to true.

create_root_my_cnf allows creation of /root/.my.cnf independently of create_root_user. You can use this for a cluster setup with Galera where you want /root/.my.cnf to exist on all nodes.

root_password

The MySQL root password. Puppet attempts to set the root password and update /root/.my.cnf with it.

This is required if create_root_user or create_root_my_cnf are true. If root_password is 'UNSET', then create_root_user and create_root_my_cnf are assumed to be false --- that is, the MySQL root user and /root/.my.cnf are not created.

Password changes are supported; however, the old password must be set in /root/.my.cnf. Effectively, Puppet uses the old password, configured in /root/my.cnf, to set the new password in MySQL, and then updates /root/.my.cnf with the new password.

old_root_password

This parameter no longer does anything. It exists only for backwards compatibility. See the root_password parameter above for details on changing the root password.

create_root_login_file

Whether to create /root/.mylogin.cnf when using mysql 5.6.6+.

Valid values are true, false.

Defaults to false.

create_root_login_file will put a copy of your existing .mylogin.cnf in the /root/.mylogin.cnf location.

When set to 'true', this option also requires the login_file option.

The login_file option is required when set to true.

login_file

Whether to put the /root/.mylogin.cnf in place.

You need to create the .mylogin.cnf file with mysql_config_editor, this tool comes with mysql 5.6.6+.

The created .mylogin.cnf needs to be put under files in your module, see example below on how to use this.

When the /root/.mylogin.cnf exists the environment variable MYSQL_TEST_LOGIN_FILE will be set.

This is required if create_root_user and create_root_login_file are true. If root_password is 'UNSET', then create_root_user and create_root_login_file are assumed to be false --- that is, the MySQL root user and /root/.mylogin.cnf are not created.

class { 'mysql::server':
  root_password          => 'password',
  create_root_my_cnf     => false,
  create_root_login_file => true,
  login_file             => 'puppet:///modules/${module_name}/mylogin.cnf',
}
override_options

Specifies override options to pass into MySQL. Structured like a hash in the my.cnf file:

class { 'mysql::server':
  root_password => 'password'
}

mysql_plugin { 'auth_pam':
  ensure => present,
  soname => 'auth_pam.so',
}

Tasks

The MySQL module has an example task that allows a user to execute arbitary SQL against a database. Please refer to to the PE documentation or Bolt documentation on how to execute a task.

Limitations

This module lacks compatibility with the ARM architecture, for an extensive list of supported operating systems, see metadata.json

Note: The mysqlbackup.sh does not work and is not supported on MySQL 5.7 and greater.

License

This codebase is licensed under the Apache2.0 licensing, however due to the nature of the codebase the open source dependencies may also use a combination of AGPL, BSD-2, BSD-3, GPL2.0, LGPL, MIT and MPL Licensing.

Development

We are experimenting with a new tool for running acceptance tests. Its name is puppet_litmus this replaces beaker as the test runner. To run the acceptance tests follow the instructions from the Litmus documentation.

Puppet modules on the Puppet Forge are open projects, and community contributions are essential for keeping them great. We can't access the huge number of platforms and myriad of hardware, software, and deployment configurations that Puppet is intended to serve.

We want to keep it as easy as possible to contribute changes so that our modules work in your environment. There are a few guidelines that we need contributors to follow so that we can have a chance of keeping on top of things.

Check out our the complete module contribution guide.

Authors

This module is based on work by David Schmitt. Thank you to all of our contributors.